The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to an aspect of warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics.For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare and has influenced both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.Scholars do not know how The Art of War came to beand whether or not Sun Tzu, if he existed, had anything to do with its creation. What they do know is that copies of the book, typically written on sets of sewn-together bamboo slats, ended up in the hands of politicians, military leaders and scholars across China. From there, translated copies of Sun Tzus work found their way to Korea and Japan. (The oldest Japanese version dates from the 8th century A.D.)For more than 1,000 years, rulers and scholars across Asia consulted The Art of War as they plotted their military maneuvers and imperial conquests. Japanese samurai, for example, studied it closely. However, it did not reach the Western world until the end of the 18th century, when a Jesuit missionary translated the book into French. (Historians say that the French emperor Napoleon was the first Western leader to follow its teachings.) It was finally translated into English in 1905.INTRODUCTION:Sun Tzu Wu was a native of the Ch`i State. His Art of War brought him to the notice of Ho Lu, King of Wu. Ho Lu said to him: I have carefully perused your 13 chapters. May I submit your theory of managing soldiers to a slight test?Sun Tzu replied: You may.Ho Lu asked: May the test be applied to women?The answer was again in the affirmative, so arrangements were made to bring 180 ladies out of the Palace. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, and placed one of the King's favourite concubines at the head of each. He then bade them all take spears in their hands, and addressed them thus: I presume you know the difference between front and back, right hand and left hand?The girls replied: Yes.Sun Tzu went on: When I say Eyes front, you must look straight ahead. When I say Left turn, you must face towards your left hand. When I say Right turn, you must face towards your right hand. When I say About turn, you must face right round towards your back.Again the girls assented. The words of command having been thus explained, he set up the halberds and battle-axes in order to begin the drill. Then, to the sound of drums, he gave the order Right turn. But the girls only burst out laughing. Sun Tzu said: If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, then the gener...
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Journey through writing's 5000-year metamorphosis from Sumerian pictograms to global alphabets that birthed civilizations. Cuneiform wedges on clay tablets logged debts in 3200 BC Uruk, Egyptian hieroglyphs immortalized pharaohs via Rosetta breakthroughs, and Phoenician traders distilled 22 consonants around 1200 BC—sparking Greek vowels, Latin curls, and Arabic flourishes. Witness runes etching Viking sagas, Devanagari scripting Sanskrit epics, and Hangul's 1446 Korean genius blending sound blocks. Each era spotlights breakthroughs: Mayan glyphs decoding calendars, Cherokee syllabary's 1821 literacy explosion, and digital fonts evolving from Gutenberg's press to Unicode's 150,000 glyphs. Loaded with stroke evolutions, decipherment dramas like Champollion's hieroglyph hack, inscription photos, and cultural ripples on law, literature, empire. Spanning Mesopotamia to Silicon Valley, this visual saga reveals how symbols tamed chaos, spread knowledge, and wired the world—essential for linguists and history seekers.
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Trace humanity's relentless chase to tame time, from Stonehenge solstice markers to GPS satellites syncing seconds. Egyptian water clocks dripped court schedules in 1400 BC, Romans iterated Julian calendars fixing seasons, and medieval monks swung pendulums for prayer precision. Leap to Greenwich Meridian wars deciding global noon, Gregorian reforms axing 10 days in 1582 Catholic lands, and French Revolution's doomed 10-hour days. Spotlight breakthroughs: Incan quipus knotting lunar months, Chinese candle clocks burning notches, Islamic astrolabes plotting Ramadan, and 20th-century quartz shattering mechanical monopolies. Loaded with dial evolutions, reform riots like Pope Gregory's backlash, leap second debates, and relativity tweaks to atomic cesium. Spanning equatorial obelisks to International Date Line quirks, this timeline reveals how time tools sparked trade booms, holy wars, and modern sync. Vital for curious minds decoding daily rhythms.
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Spotlight the cunning queens who cloaked their power to command vast realms amid male-dominated eras. Wu Zetian shed widow's weeds to seize China's throne via poison and plots, ruling as emperor for 15 years. Razia Sultana masqueraded as sultan in Delhi, wielding swords against assassins before betrayal. Nzinga donned warrior disguises to outfox Portuguese invaders, forging Angola's resistance empire. Uncover more: Artemisia I captaining Persian fleets at Salamis in male armor, Pingyang leading peasant armies to found Tang Dynasty incognito, and Khutulun wrestling challengers as Mongol khan's veiled enforcer. Each profile details her deceptions, daring gambits, military triumphs, and toppled legacies—drawn from ancient scrolls, court chronicles, and archaeological clues. Spanning Asia, Africa, and Europe from 500 BC to 1700s, this saga reveals how disguise fueled female dominion, reshaping borders and dynasties. Thrilling for history seekers craving hidden heroines.
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Athens, 404 BC. The Democratic city-state has been ravaged by a long and bloody war with neighbouring Sparta. The search for scapegoats begins and Athens, liberty's beacon in the ancient world, turns its sword on its own way of life. Civil war and much bloodshed ensue. Defining moments of Greek history, culture, politics, religion and identity are debated ferociously in Athenian board rooms, back streets and battlefields. By 323 BC, less than 100 years later, Athens and the rest of Greece, not to mention a large part of the known world, has come under the control of an absolute monarch, a master of self-publicity and a model for despots for millennia to come: 'megas alexandros', Alexander the Great. Michael Scott, Finley Fellow in Ancient History at Darwin College, Cambridge, explores the dramatic and little-known story of how the ancient world was turned on its head from Democratic Athens to King Alexander the Great in this superb example of popular history writing. "From Democrats to Kings" also gives us a fresh take on the similar challenges we face today in the 21st century - a world in which many democracies - old and new - fight for survival, in which war-time and peace-time have become indistinguishable and in which the severity of the economic crisis is only matched by a crisis in our own sense of self.
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<p>This is a comedy of the ancient Greek comedian Aristophanes. First introduced in 408 BC e., was later redesigned and put on the scene in 388 BC. e. in a contest with four more poets. Competition results are unknown. Put on stage for the second time, in a complete rework. This was the last play staged on the stage by Aristophanes himself.</p>
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The earliest evidence of a human and a pet can be traced as far back as 26,000 BC in France where a boy and his 'canid' took a walk through a cave. Their foot and paw prints were preserved together on the muddy cave floor, and smoke from the torch the boy carried was left on the walls, allowing archaeologists to carbon-date their journey. And so, the story unfolds, from these prehistoric days all the way up to the present, of our innate and undeniable need to live in the close company of animals. In this startling new work, acclaimed cultural detective and lifelong pet owner Jacky Colliss Harvey uses her compelling storytelling skills and keen eye for historical investigation to examine our role as animals' companions, in this exploration of the history not of the pet, but of us as pet owners. Drawing on literary, artistic and archaeological evidence of our relationships with other species, over thousands of years of human experience, she examines the when, the how and the why of our connection to those animals we take into our lives, assessing these against the latest scientific thinking on this complex and enthralling subject, and suggesting new insights into this most long-standing of all human love-affairs.
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Analects of Confucius is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius' followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC–221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the Analects was considered merely a "commentary" on the Five Classics, but the status of the Analects grew to be one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty. During the late Song dynasty (960-1279) the importance of the Analects as a philosophy work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "Four Books". The Analects has been one of the most widely read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years, and continues to have a substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today. They were very important for Confucianism and China's overall morals. Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral cultivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He believed that individuals could begin to cultivate an all-encompassing sense of virtue through ren, and that the most basic step to cultivating ren was devotion to one's parents and older siblings. He taught that one's individual desires do not need to be suppressed, but that people should be educated to reconcile their desires via rituals and forms of propriety, through which people could demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society. He taught that a ruler's sense of virtue was his primary prerequisite for leadership. His primary goal in educating his students was to produce ethically well-cultivated men who would carry themselves with gravity, speak correctly, and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things.
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