Politics is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th-century BC Greek philosopher. The end of the Nicomachean Ethics declared that the inquiry into ethics necessarily follows into politics, and the two works are frequently considered to be parts of a larger treatise, or perhaps connected lectures, dealing with the "philosophy of human affairs." The title of the Politics literally means "the things concerning the polis." Aristotle's Politics is divided into eight books which are each further divided into chapters. Citations of this work, as with the rest of the works of Aristotle, are often made by referring to the Bekker section numbers. Politics spans the Bekker sections 1252a to 1342b. After studying a number of real and theoretical city-states' constitutions, Aristotle classified them according to various criteria. On one side stand the true (or good) constitutions, which are considered such because they aim for the common good, and on the other side the perverted (or deviant) ones, considered such because they aim for the well being of only a part of the city. The constitutions are then sorted according to the "number" of those who participate to the magistracies: one, a few, or many. Aristotle's sixfold classification is slightly different from the one found in The Statesman by Plato. The diagram above illustrates Aristotle's classification. The literary character of the Politics is subject to some dispute, growing out of the textual difficulties that attended the loss of Aristotle's works. Book III ends with a sentence that is repeated almost verbatim at the start of Book VII, while the intervening Books IV–VI seem to have a very different flavor from the rest; Book IV seems to refer several times back to the discussion of the best regime contained in Books VII–VIII. Some editors have therefore inserted Books VII–VIII after Book III.
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<p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Trzeci tom </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">monumentalnego dzieła o początkach polskiej państwowości. Powieść historyczna z czasów Mieszka I i początków panowania Bolesława Chrobrego.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Wielkie już i potężne księstwo trzyma w garści Bolesław. Mocny to ksiądz i władyka.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Gońce skaczą z Krakowa do Poznania, Gniezdna, Wrocławia, Kołobrzegu. Trzeba wiedzieć co się w księstwie dzieje i co na granicach. Drogi już wyrąbane, stróże w trzemach osadzone pilnują porządku, świątki w cyrkwiach modlą się i tłumaczą nową wiarę.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bolesław, pełny ottonowej misji pragnie zjednoczonej słowiańszczyzny. Do Pragi wjeżdża jako król, którego witają zielonymi gałązkami.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nie pogodzić się z tym Henrykowi – za duże to księstwo bolesławowe, za mocne . Musi mu część zabrać a może i całe…..</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; background: white;">Antoni Gołubiew we wspaniałej powieści, pełnej historycznych wydarzeń i historycznych postaci portretuje wszystkie warstwy społeczne – od pospolitego </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">raba, </span><a title="Bolesław I Chrobry" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; background: white;">po księcia Bolesława</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; background: white;"> czy cesarza </span><a title="Otton III (cesarz rzymski)" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otton_III_(cesarz_rzymski)"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; background: white;">Ottona III</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; background: white;">. Splata losy bohaterów, tak jak splatała się polska państwowość, wytrwale, cierpliwie, w boju i politycznych rozgrywkach.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <...
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ACCESSORI UOMO. 70019 Triggiano (BA) - Italia. Via Roma, 55. Miulli Maria Grazia. Reso e cambi. circa 2-3 gg. SPEDIAMO CON CORRIERE ESPRESSO.
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"The Commentaries on the Gallic War" is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting the Germanic peoples and Celtic peoples in Gaul that opposed Roman conquest. The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). "The Commentaries on the Civil War" is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate. It covers the events of 49-48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt with Caesar in pursuit. It closes with Pompey assassinated, Caesar attempting to mediate rival claims to the Egyptian throne, and the beginning of the Alexandrian War.
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The Histories is a multi-volume work written by Polybius who was taken as a hostage to Rome after the Roman defeat of the Achaean League, and there he began to write an account of the rise of Rome to a world power. Polybius' Histories begin in the year 264 BC and end in 146 BC. He is primarily concerned with the 53 years in which Ancient Rome became a dominant world power. This period, from 220–167 BC, saw Rome subjugate Carthage and gain control over Hellenistic Greece. Volume I of the Histories contains the first nine Books. Books I through V cover the affairs of important states at the time (Ptolemaic Egypt, Hellenistic Greece, Macedon) and deal extensively with the First and Second Punic Wars. In Book VI he describes the Roman Constitution and outlines the powers of the consuls, Senate and People. He concludes that the success of the Roman state was based on their mixed constitution, which combined elements of a democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy.
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The Commentaries on the Gallic War is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting the Germanic peoples and Celtic peoples in Gaul that opposed Roman conquest. The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium).
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Writing in ancient Egypt first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt. By the Old Kingdom, literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media. This includes papyrus scrolls and packets, limestone or ceramic ostraca, wooden writing boards, monumental stone edifices and coffins. This book is intended to serve as an elementary introduction to the study of Egyptian Literature. Its object is to present a short series of specimens of Egyptian compositions, which represent all the great periods of literary activity in Egypt under the Pharaohs. Contents: The Pyramid Texts Stories of Magicians who Lived under the Ancient Empire The Book of the Dead Books of the Dead of the Græco-Roman Period The Egyptian Story of the Creation Legends of the Gods Historical Literature Autobiographical Literature Tales of Travel and Adventure Fairy Tales Egyptian Hymns to the Gods Moral and Philosophical Literature Miscellaneous Literature The Book of the Dead Papyrus of Ani Hymn to the Nile Great Hymn to Aten Hymn to Osiris-Sokar Tale of the Doomed Prince The Magic Book The Dialogue of a Misanthrope with His Own Soul Ancient Egyptian Love Poems
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The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to an aspect of warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics.For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare and has influenced both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.Scholars do not know how The Art of War came to beand whether or not Sun Tzu, if he existed, had anything to do with its creation. What they do know is that copies of the book, typically written on sets of sewn-together bamboo slats, ended up in the hands of politicians, military leaders and scholars across China. From there, translated copies of Sun Tzus work found their way to Korea and Japan. (The oldest Japanese version dates from the 8th century A.D.)For more than 1,000 years, rulers and scholars across Asia consulted The Art of War as they plotted their military maneuvers and imperial conquests. Japanese samurai, for example, studied it closely. However, it did not reach the Western world until the end of the 18th century, when a Jesuit missionary translated the book into French. (Historians say that the French emperor Napoleon was the first Western leader to follow its teachings.) It was finally translated into English in 1905.INTRODUCTION:Sun Tzu Wu was a native of the Ch`i State. His Art of War brought him to the notice of Ho Lu, King of Wu. Ho Lu said to him: I have carefully perused your 13 chapters. May I submit your theory of managing soldiers to a slight test?Sun Tzu replied: You may.Ho Lu asked: May the test be applied to women?The answer was again in the affirmative, so arrangements were made to bring 180 ladies out of the Palace. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, and placed one of the King's favourite concubines at the head of each. He then bade them all take spears in their hands, and addressed them thus: I presume you know the difference between front and back, right hand and left hand?The girls replied: Yes.Sun Tzu went on: When I say Eyes front, you must look straight ahead. When I say Left turn, you must face towards your left hand. When I say Right turn, you must face towards your right hand. When I say About turn, you must face right round towards your back.Again the girls assented. The words of command having been thus explained, he set up the halberds and battle-axes in order to begin the drill. Then, to the sound of drums, he gave the order Right turn. But the girls only burst out laughing. Sun Tzu said: If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, then the gener...
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"Wie es 1938-1954 war" ist die fesselnde Erzählung eines Jungen, der in der stürmischen Zeit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf einem Bauernhof in der Nähe von Berlin aufgewachsen ist. Als Nordamerikaner haben wir kaum Gelegenheit, außer aus der Sicht der Alliierten etwas über diese Zeit zu erfahren. Es ist interessant und spannend, von den Anstrengungen und Mühen einer Bauernfamilie während und in den ersten Nachkriegsjahren kennenzulernen. Die Leser werden belohnt, wenn sie in Christians detaillierte Erinnerungen an seine Kindheit eintauchen. Das Buch ist leicht zu lesen, spannend und humorvoll zugleich. Eine höchst unterhaltsame und fesselnde Lektüre. Robert McFetridge Bowser, BC, Kanada Christians Buch ist eine erstaunliche Sammlung seiner Kindheitserinnerungen, die er während des Zweiten Weltkriegs gesammelt hat. Die unglaubliche Detailgenauigkeit, mit der er sich an die vielen Wendungen erinnert, macht dieses Buch so einmalig. Ich konnte es nicht aus der Hand legen und es erinnerte mich an die Geschichten, die mein Vater über seine Kindheit in derselben Zeit erzählte. Jeder, der verstehen will, wie diese Generation gelernt hat, aus den schwierigsten Situationen das Beste zu machen und nie die Hoffnung zu verlieren, wird Christians Buch genießen. Michel Luhnau Calgary, AB, Kanada
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