Hydroelectric power stations are a major source of electricity around the world; understanding their dynamics is crucial to achieving good performance. The electrical power generated is normally controlled by individual feedback loops on each unit. The reference input to the power loop is the grid frequency deviation from its set point, thus structuring an external frequency control loop. The book discusses practical and well-documented cases of modelling and controlling hydropower stations, focused on a pumped storage scheme based in Dinorwig, North Wales. These accounts are valuable to specialist control engineers who are working in this industry. In addition, the theoretical treatment of modern and classic controllers will be useful for graduate and final year undergraduate engineering students. This book reviews SISO and MIMO models, which cover the linear and nonlinear characteristics of pumped storage hydroelectric power stations. The most important dynamic features are discussed. The verification of these models by hardware in the loop simulation is described. To show how the performance of a pumped storage hydroelectric power station can be improved, classical and modern controllers are applied to simulated models of Dinorwig power plant, that include PID, Fuzzy approximation, Feed-Forward and Model Based Predictive Control with linear and hybrid prediction models.
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<p>A clinical manual on hypertension for primary care physicians.</p> <p>Serves as an up-to-date reference on hypertension for use in clinical practice.</p> <p>Includes dozens of clear and informative tables and figures to maximize comprehension.</p> <p>Addresses the most recent and crucial developments in a very common chronic condition.</p> <p>Gives a comprehensive review of currently available medications and combination therapy.</p> <p></p> <p>Approximately one billion people worldwide are affected by hypertension. About 24% of the adult population in the US are hypertensive, and the number is expected to increase with the rising rates of obesity and diabetes. As hypertension affects so many and spans across varying ages, genders, ethnicities, and socioeconomic classes, all clinicians are likely to encounter patients with hypertension on regular basis. Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases, and timely diagnosis and treatment are essential. </p> <p>The manual will give the reader a thorough overview of antihypertensive lifestyle modifications, first-line therapy, combination therapies, comorbid conditions, therapeutic challenges, and the latest trends in antihypertensive therapy.</p> <p>Pharmaceutical companies can use this clinician’s manual as an excellent educational giveaway, as the booklet includes the latest clinical research results and treatment options for hypertension.</p> <p></p> <p>The manual will give the reader a thorough overview of antihypertensive lifestyle modifications, first-line therapy, combination therapies, comorbid conditions, therapeutic challenges, and the latest trends in antihypertensive therapy.</p> <p>Pharmaceutical companies can use this clinician’s manual as an excellent educational giveaway, as the booklet includes the latest clinical research results and treatment options for hypertension.</p> <p></p> <p>The manual will give the reader a thorough overview of antihypertensive lifestyle modifications, first-line therapy, combination therapies, comorbid conditions, therapeutic challenges, and the latest trends in antihypertensive therapy.</p> <p>Pharmaceutical companies can use this clinician’s manual as an excellent educational giveaway, as the booklet includes the latest clinical research results and treatment options for hypertension.</p> <p></p> <p>Approximately one billion people worldwide are affected by hypertension. About 24% of the adult population in the US are hypertensive, and the number is expected to increase with the rising rates of obesity and diabetes. As hypertension affects so many and spans across varying ages, genders, ethnicities, and socioeconomic classes, all clinicians are likely to encounter patients with hypertension on regular basis. Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases, and timely diagnosis and treatment are essential. </p> <p>The manual will give the reader a thorough overview of antihypert...
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The book addresses a number of recent topics at the crossroad of philosophy and cognitive science, taking advantage of both the western and the eastern perspectives and conceptions that emerged and were discussed at the PCS2011 Conference recently held in Guangzhou. The ever growing cultural exchange between academics and intellectual belonging to different cultures is reverberated by the juxtaposition of papers, which aim at investigating new facets of crucial problems in philosophy: the role of models in science and the fictional approach; chance seeking dynamics and how affordances work; abductive cognition; visualization in science; the cognitive structure of scientific theories; scientific representation; mathematical representation in science; model-based reasoning; analogical reasoning; moral cognition; cognitive niches and evolution.
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<p>This book gives a comprehensive overview of electrochemical-based biosensors and their crucial components. Practical examples are given throughout the text to illustrate how the performance of electrochemical-based biosensors can be improved by nanoscale surface modification and how an optimal design can be achieved. All essential aspects of biosensors are considered, including electrode functionalization, efficiency of the mass transport of reactive species, and long term durability and functionality of the sensor.</p> <p>This book also:</p> <p>·       Explains how the performance of an electrochemical-based biosensor can be improved by nanoscale surface modification</p> <p>·       Gives readers the tools to evaluate and improve the performance of a biosensor with a multidisciplinary approach that considers electrical, electrostatic, electrochemical, chemical, and biochemical events</p> <p>·       Links the performance of a sensor to the various governing physical and chemical principles so readers can fully understand how a biosensor with nanoscale modified electrode surface functions.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p></p>
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<p>Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among the female population. With advances in systemic therapies and modern radiotherapy techniques, breast cancer patients can have a long life-expectancy. However, it is crucial that radiation therapy is carried out with minimum complications and with the utmost efficiency.</p> <p></p> <p><i>Principles and Practice of Modern Radiotherapy Techniques in Breast Cancer</i> provides practical and current theoretical knowledge to the planning and implementation of breast cancer radiation therapy. All aspects of breast cancer are covered, including epidemiology, molecular and biological basis and integrating systemic therapies during all steps of treatment. </p> <p></p> <p>The illustrated section of this book identifies anatomical structures in daily practice by presenting target and critical structures in actual treatment positions. These images show and mark the anatomical points of the patient lying in the position that breast radiation therapy would be performed. </p> <p></p> <p>This text serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, residents and fellows practicing and learning breast cancer radiotherapy.</p>
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<p>Leyton's Process Grammar has been applied by scientists and engineers in many disciplines including medical diagnosis, geology, computer-aided design, meteorology, biological anatomy, neuroscience, chemical engineering, etc.  This book demonstrates the following:</p> <p>The Process Grammar invents several entirely new concepts in biological morphology and manufacturing design, and shows that these concepts are fundamentally important. </p> <p>The Process Grammar has process-inference rules that give, to morphological transitions, powerful new <i>causal explanations</i>.  </p> <p>Remarkably, the book gives a profound <i>unification</i> of <i>biological morphology</i> and <i>vehicle design</i>. </p> <p>The book invents over 30 new CAD operations that realize fundamentally important functions of a product. </p> <p>A crucial fact is that the Process Grammar is an example of the laws in Leyton's Generative Theory of Shape which give the ability to recover the <i>design intents </i>for which the shape features of a CAD model were created. The book demonstrates that the Process Grammar recovers important design intents in biological morphology and manufacturing design. In large-scale manufacturing systems, the recovery of design intents is important for solving the interoperability problem and product lifecycle management. </p> <p>This book is one of a series of books in Springer that elaborates Leyton's Generative Theory of Shape. </p> <p></p>
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<p>Contemporary cities face phenomenal risks, and they face particularly high levels of mounting social and environmental risks, including social polarization, urban conflicts, riots, terror, and climate change threats. This book suggests that climate change and its resulting uncertainties challenge the concepts, procedures, and scope of conventional approaches to planning, creating a need to rethink and revise current planning methods. Therefore, this book suggests a paradigm shift in our thinking, interrogation, and planning of our cities. Based on the contemporary conditions of risk at cities, this book conceptualizes the risk city as a construct of three interlinked concepts of risk, trust, and practice. It is a construct of risk and its new evolving conditions and knowledge of uncertainties stem from climate change and other risks and uncertainties. As a construct of practices, the risk city produces social and political institutional framework and promotes practices accordingly in order to reduce risk and risk possibilities and to increase trust. </p> <p>In light of the complex challenges and risks to the human habitat that have emerged in recent years, many cities have prepared various types of plans aimed at addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Nonetheless, despite the importance of these plans and the major public resources invested in their formulation, we still know little about them and have yet to begin studying them and assessing their contributions</p>. From the innovative perspective of the risk city, this book asks critical questions about the nature, vision, practices, and potential impact of the recent climate change-oriented plans. What kinds of risks do they attempt to address, what types of practices do they institute, and what types of approaches do they apply? Do they adequately address the risks and uncertainties posed? How do they contribute to the worldwide effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? This book uses the methodologically innovative Risk City framework to examine the nature, vision, outcomes, practices, and impact of these crucial plans, as well as their contribution to the resilience of our cities and to global efforts toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions. <p></p>
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<p>Forest soil characteristics are not only unique but their interpretation also differs from cropland soils. Just as there are diverse forest types, there are many soil variants that need different management. Today, forest plantations are being intensively managed for profitable timber, pulpwood and energy production. Site selection, species selection, site productivity evaluation, silvicultural treatments, and soil amendments need crucial soil information. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the physical, chemical and biological properties of forest soils and their implications on forest vegetation. Topics discussed include: major forest types of the world and their associated soils; forest biomass and nutrient dynamics; organic matter turnover and nutrient recycling; forest soil disturbance; forest soil and climate change; and forest soil management and silvicultural treatments.</p>
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